Society Matters

Nearer his end than his beginning, Dick Skellington reveals just how he might end up. 

Around the time of Margaret Thatcher’s funeral (the Iron Lady was indeed cremated) I was taken aback by a tabloid newspaper headline which ran: MY GRAN'S BECOME A LAMP POST.
 
It seems that metal body parts from the dead are being turned into road furniture across the kingdom. Steel hips, plates (I have one in my skull following a road accident), screws and even teeth fillings, are collected after cremation and sent for recycling, stimulating a new private business enterprise.
 
Increasingly, our former body parts are being melted down for road signs, lamp posts, and even to provide valuable titanium and cobalt which are used in teeth implants. What started in a starburst might end up in an aeroplane or a motor vehicle.
 
Over one half of the nation’s 260 crematoria have so far signed up to the scheme.  Estimates put the total potential amount collected each year at over 75 tons.
 
What does seem clear is that my relatives may choose my body to be donated to the nascent recycling industry, or if they wish, they can keep the metal parts for themselves as mementoes.  
 
I rather think my metal plate would be best converted into a footpath sign, since I so love the countryside.  I am not sure if I can be that specific, but I am thinking of changing my will to make sure.
 
One of the benefits of the new scheme is that polluting metal substances are not buried underground. Nice to know when I go I might be environmentally sustainable.
 
However, I think, once the metal has been removed and recycled, my ashes should be buried at sea. Did you know there are three designated marine graveyards, one off the Northumbrian coast, one near Newhaven, and another near the Isle of Wight?
But since 2001, only 140 people have been laid to rest in watery graves. It was something to which former sailors seemed particularly inclined. In 2002 there were 21 sea burials, last year only 4. Perhaps all the old sailors from Second World War convoys have been laid to rest.
 
Back in Nelson’s time, around the turn of the 19th century, dead sailors were simply trussed up in their hammocks, a final stitch inserted in the deceased’s nose (to ensure that the dead was not in fact merely unconscious!), and a lead weight tied to the feet. 

I do not think I will go that far. Just send my metal to the recycling plant and scatter my ashes over the waters beneath The Needles.
Dick Skellington 13 June 2013

The views expressed in this post, as in all posts on Society Matters, are the views of the author, not The Open University.

Cartoon by Gary Edwards

Dick Skellington reflects on our disunited kingdom in his holiday postcard from Sardinia.

Alghero, Sardinia, 11 June 2013
What disturbing times we face. We seem to be living in a climate of suspicion and division where the weakest and most vulnerable members of society are being demonised, reviled and marginalised by politicians and media alike.

I was born just after the Second World War which cost the lives of millions combating tyranny and racial hatred. A friend who was born a decade earlier expressed his concern about what he sees as disturbing parallels between the present and the thirties – the longest downturn in modern times, the persecution of minorities, mounting stigma against the unemployed, and antipathy towards those living on benefits and immigrants. All this in a gathering storm of Islamaphobia. 

We do seem to becoming more mean-spirited and
selfish, and more antagonistic towards outsiders. Of course, as someone famously put it, we must beware of generalisations, even that one, but I am sure I am not the only one who has been struck by some of the dispiriting political rhetoric and media hysteria of late, especially after the brutal killing of a soldier in Woolwich. 

I left for my holiday in Sardinia with UKIP's popularity running at nearly 30 per cent in some opinion polls. The streets of the country are witnessing far more frequent demonstrations from fringe Far Right organisations such as the English Defence League. It is as if UKIP's resurgence has pushed the country further to the right, making intolerance of difference a badge of honour for some. Its gathering support is a symptom of disempowerment among the white working class. UKIP supporters are more likely to earn below the national average wage, be white, male, and over 60.
 
As I left for my holiday the spectre of further corruption allegations against Ministers and Members of the House of Lords dominated the quality and tabloid newspapers, adding fuel to the fire of political disrepute.

Meanwhile, the festering boil of banker corruption remains to be lanced at a time when banks are still reluctant to lend, while little progress has been made on tackling the twin problems of tax evasion and tax avoidance. The focus has always been on the soft target of benefit scroungers. 

The Government struggles to resolve some of the most critical problems of the day. The lack of adequately paid jobs, falling or at best stagnant wages for many, a shortfall in affordable housing, the absence of growth especially in regions beyond the Greater London area where major cities and urban conurbations face further local government cuts in spending in the next two years, youth unemployment at record levels, underemployment rising too, a stalled deficit and increased borrowing. The Labour opposition meanwhile seems incapable of promising anything too different from the current spate of austerity. Across mainstream politics membership is plunging. UKIP and others will reap the harvest of this disaffection.
 
All these failings are making it easier for more extreme fringe parties to secure greater political respectability.  We are at greater risk of becoming hostages to an unrepresentative band of right wingers. I am in Italy where, of course, they know much more than we do about the perils of ignoring the threat of intolerance; and where austerity is struggling to tackle deficits with similar outcomes, if not worse, for young people and the vulnerable. And yes, I hear you shout, you could have holidayed in Portugal or Spain, more riddled with economic stagnation than the UK, then you might get some context. Just look at what is happening on the streets of Turkey's big cities this month. The UK is by comparison perhaps not so bad. But from here, where the sun shines, our problems seem the more acute to me. We seem to be harking back to an alleged golden age, back to the little Englander mentality of the 19th century.

Our country remains in extensive care. It is living through a lost and traumatic decade, especially for the young. It is nice to be away from it all, if only for a few weeks. Britannia does not look so cool from here.  Wish you were here.
Dick Skellington

The views expressed in this post, as in all posts on Society Matters, are the views of the author, not The Open University.

Cartoon by Catherine Pain

Recent horrendous child murders have raised concerns about access to pornographic images. But pornography does have positive impacts which need to be considered before we rush to greater control, argues Meg Barker.

Pornography has been in the news again with arguments that murders and other crimes can be linked to pornography and that access to pornography should be more tightly controlled, especially internet pornography.

Such issues are also a major point of argument in the academic world. Recently I found that I've been listed – among other academics – in a rather negative article in the Psychology Today magazine, which argues against the new journal Porn Studies. I was very happy to be invited onto the editorial board of Porn Studies so I thought I would write a few words in response to the criticisms that have been levelled against it, which also relate to some of the wider debates that are going on in relation to pornography.

Arguments against Porn Studies
The arguments against the journal come from a combination of academics (mostly psychologists and feminist academics) who themselves research and write about pornography from the perspective that it causes harm. One group of academics criticised the publishers of Porn Studies, because they felt that the journal took a 'pro-porn' perspective and was therefore unbalanced. Generally this group is critical of pornography for perpetuating and reproducing the objectification and oppression of women through common representations of women's bodies as objects for men's sexual gratification and of sex where women are fairly passive and the focus is on men's pleasure. The author of the Psychology Today article makes a similar argument about lack of balance, but with particular concerns around the potential individual harms of pornography such as addiction and negative impacts on the developing brains of young people viewing pornography. 

Given that there have not yet been any issues of the new journal, these arguments against it were made on the basis of the membership of the editorial board which, critics thought, is weighted in favour of those who are pro-pornography.

Moving away from polarisation 
I have written previously about the tendency of debates in areas such as pornography to become polarised into 'pro' or 'anti' stances, and we see that happening here: academics position themselves as 'anti' pornography and assume that this journal must therefore be 'pro' pornography because of the lack of academics with whom they are familiar on the editorial board. The argument seems to be that if you are not for us you must be against us.

In contrast, I see the journal as doing something very important in moving beyond such polarisations and in attempting to bring together work about pornography from across all disciplines and from a variety of perspectives, thus refuting the idea that there are only two possible positions.

One key reason why such polarisations are problematic is that pornography is not one singular thing about which it is possible to be 'pro' or 'anti' in its entirety. If we take the legal definition of pornography in Britain as materials 'produced solely or principally for the purposes of sexual arousal' then this includes a vast array of different things, from photo shoots in lads magazines, to Fifty Shades of Grey and much of the online fan fiction which that book was based on, to pornographic movies, online porn sites, sending somebody an arousing text message or posting a sexual image of oneself on the internet, erotic comics and a great deal more. Even the category of 'violent pornography' is difficult to define. Some would include images of consensual BDSM practices akin to acupuncture in this category, for example, but not the violence of 'torture porn' movies like Saw or Hostel because those are (a) mainstream films and (b) not aiming to sexually arouse.

Pornography can be produced such that it is problematic in many ways, and it can be produced in deliberately ethical, queer, or feminist ways (although there is always the risk that such words are used as selling points and do not really filter down to how the people involved are actually treated). Pornography can serve to perpetuate or to challenge norms, of sex and gender for example. As lawyer Miles Jackson points out, context can mean that something which was not intended as pornographic becomes so (for example, if the scene from the 12-rated Casino Royale movie where Bond is tortured was cut out and edited together with similar scenes from other films); or that something that was pornographic ceases to be so (for example viral clips from porn movies which are circulated for shock or humour value rather than to produce any kind of sexual arousal).

Balance and effects

A further point about being balanced in this area is that one would need to consider all potential effects of pornography, both negative and positive, as well as considering interesting and important questions about pornography beyond the effects that it has. For example: Are there cultural differences in porn type and consumption and what can we learn from these? What are the business models employed in mainstream (or other types of) pornography and are these similar to other businesses? What are the structural features of pornographic narratives and how do they operate? How do different audiences make sense of the pornography that they view?

Even if we consider the potential negative effects – or harms – of pornography, these effects are again multiple rather than singular. There is the potential harm of pornography causing criminal behaviour, violence towards women or other groups, or sexist attitudes. There is the potential individual harm that the Psychology Today author writes about, of people becoming addicted to pornography or it having adverse effects on relationships. And there are the possible cultural harms of pornography reproducing and perpetuating certain understandings of how sex, gender, and relationships work which limit and constrain individuals, communities and societies in problematic ways.

In relation to this latter point come a number of important and complicated questions about the role of pornography, and other forms of media, in reflecting and/or reinforcing certain problematic practices and dynamics. And, following on from this, where the energies of those who would like to see total gender equality, for example, or better understanding of the diversity of sexual identities and practices, would be best directed. Should we focus on pornography (and if so, which kinds), on more mainstream forms of media, on other aspects of society (such as education or government policy), or on all of these things?

It is important also, of course, to consider the possible positive effects of pornography, which include enabling people to figure out what they like sexually, providing sexual enjoyment, exposure to diverse bodies (naturally this depends on the type of porn which is viewed), and helping people to communicate about sex within relationships, amongst many other things. It is important both within academic work and beyond that we are aware of such positive aspects and to include the experiences of those who engage with pornography as viewers, readers, etc. as well as considering the pornographic materials themselves, and the ways in which these are produced and distributed.

I would very much hope that the Porn Studies journal lives up to its aims of publishing papers across the whole spectrum of disciplinary areas which have something to contribute on the topic, and I would certainly hope that perspectives which are critical of pornography are included. Indeed it is vital that submissions demonstrate awareness of the multiple perspectives that exist around this topic. 

I would also hope that the journal will represent a move away from polarised positions. The tendency to polarise gets in the way of constructive conversation, and may also result in people feeling backed into a corner such that they feel they need to be entirely 'pro' or 'anti' pornography in all its forms, rather than being able to do the important work – for example – of pointing out problematic representations and damaging practices and proposing more liberating, culturally valuable, or ethical alternatives.

My role in the journal
Finally I will respond to the specific charge made against me in the Psychology Today article which claims that I must believe that 'internet porn is the greatest thing since the invention of "talkies"' on the basis that 'most of my research has been conducted within sexual communities, focusing on bisexuality, BDSM, and open non-monogamy'.

First I certainly do not believe that all pornography, or all internet pornography, is a purely positive thing. As a sex therapist I have worked with people who have struggled greatly with online pornography and their relationship to it, and there are many kinds of pornography that I personally (and politically) feel are part of the problematic cultural understandings which require the strongest kind of critical challenging. As a psychologist I know that the research on the potential harmful effects of pornography to date has been very unclear, with evidence both for and against pornography impacting negatively on attitudes and behaviours. And I also see that the study of pornography thus far has been dominated by such negative-effects research and feel that it is time to broaden the net so that people from across disciplines are working together to address all the different important and interesting questions about pornography.

As for the assumption that I would be 'pro-porn' because my research has focused on sexual communities, I am perplexed to say the least. To suggest that sexual and gender diversity is equivalent to being 'pro-porn' is incorrect and does a disservice to these communities. My work in these areas has helped me to recognise the range of experiences of sex and sexuality that are possible, and the ways in which understandings of sex and sexuality (put across in pornography and in many other forms of media) have the potential to constrain and to liberate, to worry and to relieve, to close down and to open up. I would hope that this position will be an asset in my role on the editorial board of Porn Studies as I will endeavour to challenge taken-for-granted understandings and to encourage writers to be aware of multiple possible perspectives, as well as seriously considering the real-world ethical implications both of the materials which they are researching, and their own writings on the topic.
Meg Barker 9 June 2013

Meg Barker is an Open University lecturer teaching mainly on counselling modules, and is also a therapist specialising in relationships. Find her other blogs here. 

The views expressed in this post, as in all posts on Society Matters, are the views of the author, not The Open University.

Cartoon by Catherine Pain