India

Francis Younghusband

About: 

Francis Younghusband was a member of the British Indian Army. He was an explorer of the Gobi Desert and Manchuria. In 1903, Younghusband led a mission to Tibet. In 1906, he became British Resident in Kashmir.

Younghusband returned to Britain in 1909 and became involved and interested in religious/spiritual matters. He was a member of the India Society and became friends with many Indians in Britain. In 1933 he attended the Second Parliament of Religions in Chicago. He then became involved in the organization and leadership of the World Fellowship of Faith's congress in London, to be held in 1936. Subsequent congresses were held in places such as Oxford in 1937, Cambridge in 1938, Paris in 1939, in which Younghusband continued to take a leading role.

Younghusband wrote twenty-six books between 1895 and 1942 on topics ranging from exploration and mountaineering to philosophy and politics.

Published works: 

India and Tibet (London: John Murray, 1910)

The Gleam: The Religious Experiences of an Indian, here called Nija Svabhava (London: John Murray, 1923)

Life in the Stars (London: John Murray, 1927)

The Coming Country: A Pre-vision (London: John Murray, 1928) 

Dawn in India (London: John Murray, 1931)

Modern Mystics (London: John Murray, 1935)

'Foreword', in Douglas A. Millard (ed.), Faiths and Fellowship: Proceedings of the World Congress of Faiths held in London,  (London: J. M. Watkins, 1936)

Date of birth: 
31 May 1863
Connections: 
Secondary works: 

Braybrooke, Marcus, A Wider Vision: A History of the World Congress of Faiths, 1936-1996 (Oxford: One World, 1996)

French, Philip, Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer (London: HarperCollins, 1994)

Archive source: 

Manuscripts, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library, St Pancras

Letters to Shri Purohit Swami, Nehru Memorial Library, Delhi

Involved in events: 
City of birth: 
Muree, North-West Frontier
Country of birth: 
India
Other names: 

Sir Francis Younghusband

Sir Francis Edward Younghusband

Date of death: 
31 Jul 1942
Location of death: 
Dorset, England
Tags for Making Britain: 

India Society

About: 

Founded in March 1910 at the home of E. B. Havell, the India Society was created to bring attention to Indian Art, in its many forms, to audiences in Britain and the world. In February 1910, Havell gave a lecture to the Royal Society of Arts on Indian Art, to which the chair, George Birdwood, responded that India had no fine art tradition. In response a number of British figures, including William Rothenstein, wrote a letter to The Times affirming the presence of an Indian fine art tradition, and as a result the India Society was formed. The Society had close links with other societies in Paris and with India. Many of their members were based in India and included a number of South Asians studying and working in Britain, such as Jawaharlal Nehru (a student called to the Bar in London). The Society was keen to bring out regular publications, one of which was Rabindranath Tagore's Gitanjali (Song Offerings) in 1912, which led to the award of Nobel Prize for Literature to Tagore in 1913. The Society also brought out its own journal, Indian Art and Letters, from 1925.

The Society received royal patronage and became the Royal India Society 1944-1948. From 1948 to 1950, it was known as the Royal India and Pakistan Society. From 1950 to 1966, it was known as the Royal India, Pakistan and Ceylon Society. In 1966, it incorporated the East India Association and was renamed The Royal Society for India, Pakistan and Ceylon.

Published works: 

Indian Art and Letters: Journal from 1925

Coomaraswamy, Ananda K, Indian Drawings (1910)

Havell, E. B. (ed.), Eleven Plates. Representing Works of Indian Sculptures Chiefly in English Collections (1911)

Coomaraswamy, Ananda K., Kapilar and a Tamil Saint (1911)

Coomaraswamy, Ananda K., Indian Drawings (1912)

Tagore, Rabindranath, Gitanjali (1912)

Tagore, Rabindranath, Chitra (1913)

Fox-Strangways, A. H., The Music of Hindostan (1913)

One Hundred Poems of Kabir, trans. by Rabindranath Tagore and Evelyn Underhill (1914)

Herringham, Christiana, Ajanta Frescoes (1914)

Ajanta Frescoes, 42 plates in colour and monochrome, with explanantory and critical texts by Lady Herringham, Laurence Binyon, William Rothenstein and others (1915)

The Mirror of Gesture (1916)

Havell, E. B. Handbook of Indian Art (1920)

The Bagh Caves in the Gwalior State (1927)

Ganguli, Taraknath, The Brothers, translated by Edward Thompson (1928)

Kak, Ram Chandra, Ancient Monuments of Kashmir (1933)

Gangulee, N., The Red Tortoise and Other Tales of Rural India (1941)

Rawlinson, H. G. (ed.), A Garland of Indian Poetry (1946)

Iqbal, Muhammad, The Tulip of Sinai, trans. by A. J. Arberry (1947)

Secondary works: 

Indian Magazine and Review 473 (May 1910) and later issues for notices and reviews

‘Proceedings of the Society: Indian Section’, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 58.2985 (Feb. 1910), pp. 273-298

Lago, Mary, Christiana Herringham and the Edwardian Art Scene (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996)

Lago, Mary. 'A Lost Treasure: William Rothenstein, Tagore and the India Society', The Times Literary Supplement, 16 April 1999

Mitter, Partha, Art and Nationalism in Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)

Mitter, Partha, The Triumph of Modernism: India's Artists and the Avant-Garde 1922-1947 (London: Reaktion Books, 2007)

The Times, 29 April 1911, 13 July 1912, 22 December 1919

Turner, Sarah Victoria, ‘The India Society and the Networks of Colonial Modernity, c.1910-1914’, in ‘“Spiritual Rhythm” and “Material Things”: Art, Cultural Networks and Modernity in Britain, c.1900-1914’, unpublished PhD thesis, (University of London, 2009)

Date began: 
17 Mar 1910
Key Individuals' Details: 
Connections: 

Laurence Binyon (committee member), Krishna G. Gupta (committee member), Roger Fry, Eric Gill, Jawaharlal Nehru (member from 1911 and vice-president from 1950s), T. W. Rhys-Davids (President), Earl of Ronaldshay (later Marquess of Zetland), Rabindranath Tagore (guest and committee member), Sourindro Mohun Tagore (Vice-President), Ratan Tata (committee member), Francis Younghusband (President).

Archive source: 

Mss Eur F147/65A-114, including minute books, cuttings, and correspondence, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library, St Pancras

Involved in events details: 
Tags for Making Britain: 

Annie Besant

About: 

Annie Besant was a leading member of the Theosophical Society, a feminist and political activist, and a politician in India. She had a close relationship with Charles Bradlaugh, MP, a free-thinker who was often known as the 'Member for India'. Having declared herself an atheist, Annie Besant was drawn to other ideas of spiritualism and joined the Theosophical Society in 1889. She was very close to the co-founder, Madame Blavatsky, and allowed Blavatksy to live in her house in St John's Wood from 1889. In 1907, after the death of Colonel Olcott, Besant was made President of the Theosophical Society.

In 1911, Besant brought Jiddu Krishnamurti and his brother to England and acted as their guardian. She proclaimed in 1927 that Krishnamurti was the 'coming', i.e., messiah, and was devastated when he left the Theosophical Society in 1929.  

Besant also campaigned for the rights of Indians and for Indian 'home rule'. She launched the Home Rule League in 1916, modelling the Indian plight on that of Ireland. She was a member of the Fabian Society, owing to her close relationship with George Bernard Shaw. In 1917 she became the first woman president of the Indian National Congress at a session in Calcutta.

Published works: 

Why I Became a Theosophist (London: Freethought Publishing, 1889) 

An Autobiography (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1893)

The Bhagavad Gita (London: Theosophical Publishing House, 1895)

The Case for India [Congress Presidential Address, December 1917] (London: Home Rule for India League, 1918)

Date of birth: 
01 Oct 1847
Contributions to periodicals: 

Lucifer (edited September 1889 to 1909)

The Theosophical Review (edited 1897-1909)

Reviews: 

The Manchester Guardian, 6 August 1895 (Bhagvad-Gita)

Western Mail (Cardiff), 6 August 1895

Liverpool Mercury, 28 August 1895

For articles relating to Annie Besant, see: 'A Talk with Mrs Annie Besant', Christian World, 12 April 1894, p. 259; 'The New Messiah', The Spectator, 26 June 1926

Secondary works: 

Bright, Esther, Old Memories and Letters of Annie Besant (London: The Theosophical Publishing House, 1936)

Nethercott, Arthur, The Last Four Lives of Annie Besant (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1963)

Taylor, Anne, ‘Besant , Annie (1847-1933)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30735]

Broughton, T. L. , 'Women's Autobiography: The Self at Stake?', Prose Studies 14 (September 1991), pp. 76-94

Archive source: 

Women's Library, London Metropolitan University, London

Theosophical Society Archives, Adyar, India

Letters to Annie Besant, 1914-1926, Mss Eur C888, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library, St Pancras

Theosophical Society in England, London

College of Psychic Studies, South Kensington

City of birth: 
London
Country of birth: 
England
Date of death: 
20 Sep 1933
Location of death: 
Adyar, India

E. J. Beck

About: 

E. J. Beck was Honorary Secretary of the National Indian Association from 1905. She was the younger sister of Theodore Beck, Principal of the Mahomedan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh, and lived in India with him when he was Principal. After his death, she returned to London and became involved in the National Indian Association. On the death of E. A. Manning in 1905, Miss Beck became Honorary Secretary. She did not however edit its organ, The Indian Magazine and Review, for long, and employed Miss A. A. Smith to take on editorial duties. Beck was present at the NIA event at the Imperial Institute at which Madan Lal Dhingra assassinated Sir Curzon-Wyllie and was called as a witness to Dhingra's trial. She retired in 1932 and The Indian Magazine and Review stopped printing.

She died in Allahabad on 1 January 1936 while on a tour of India to visit friends. Cornelia Sorabji was in Allahabad at the time and recounted the last days of Miss Beck for the NIA.

Connections: 

Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Muhammad Ali, Theodore Beck (brother), Sir Curzon-Wyllie, Madan Lal Dhingra, Elizabeth Adelaide Manning, Sarojini Naidu, Miss A. A. Smith, Cornelia Sorabji, Mrs J. D. Westbrook.

Contributions to periodicals: 

The Daily Telegraph (interview about Curzon-Wyllie murder, 3 July 1909)

Precise DOB unknown: 
Y
Reviews: 

The Times, 4 and 15 January 1936 (obituaries)

Archive source: 

Special Issue: Commemoration of Miss E. J. Beck, The Indian Magazine and Review, March 1936, Mss Eur F147/23, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library, St Pancras

NIA minutes (1905-29), Mss Eur F147/9-14, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library, St Pancras

Involved in events: 

Present at murder of Sir Curzon-Wyllie at Imperial Institute, 1 July 1909

Other names: 

Emma Josephine Beck

Miss Beck

Jessie Beck

Date of death: 
01 Jan 1936
Location of death: 
Allahabad, India
Tags for Making Britain: 

Elizabeth Adelaide Manning

About: 

Born in 1828, Elizabeth Adelaide Manning was involved in the formation of the London branch of the National Indian Association in February 1871 with her step-mother, Charlotte Manning, at their home at 107 Victoria Street, London. Charlotte Manning died soon after in April 1871 and her step-daughter later moved to Maida Vale. After the death of the founder, Mary Carpenter, in Bristol in 1877, Manning became Honorary Secretary of the NIA and the headquarters were shifted to London. With the role of Honorary Secretary, Manning also became editor of The Journal of the National Indian Association. Manning was involved in the renaming of the journal to The Indian Magazine in 1886 and then to The Indian Magazine and Review in 1891. She remained Honorary Secretary until July 1905, when she had to resign owing to ill-health.

Through a twenty-eight year stewardship of the National Indian Association, Manning's name became synonomous with the Association. Cornelia Sorabji stayed with Miss Manning when she first arrived in England in 1889 and maintained links with the Association throughout her life. Sukumar Ray visited the Association in 1911 and described the organization as 'Miss Manning's Association' in letters to his parents.

On her death in 1905, the Indian Magazine and Review produced a special memorial issue in October on that year. The issue included personal recollections from M. M. Bhownaggree, Syed Ameer Ali and Dadabhai Naoroji. In the November 1905 issue, the journal printed an obituary poem by N. B. Gazder, entitled 'In Memory of Elizabeth Adelaide Manning'. The NIA was one of the institutions to which Miss Manning bequeathed money in her will.

Date of birth: 
01 Jan 1828
Connections: 

A. Yusuf AliSyed Ameer Ali, Mr and Mrs Thomas Arnold, Surendranath Banerjea, E. J. Beck (successor as Honorary secretary of NIA), Mancherjee Merwanjee Bhowanaggree, Mary Carpenter (founder of NIA), Emily Davies, N. B. Gazder, Lalmohan Ghose, Lord and Lady Hobhouse, Dr G. W. Leitner, Charlotte Manning (step-mother), Sarojini Naidu, Dadabhai Naoroji, Hodgson Pratt, Cornelia Sorabji.

 

Contributions to periodicals: 

Editor of Journal of National Indian Association, Indian Magazine and Indian Magazine and Review from 1877 to 1905

Precise DOB unknown: 
Y
Reviews: 

The Times, 14 August  1905 (obituary)

Memorial Issue - Indian Magazine and Review, 418 (Oct 1905)

Secondary works: 

Sutherland, Gillian, ‘Manning, (Elizabeth) Adelaide (1828–1905)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2007) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/48424]

Archive source: 

Minutes of the National Indian Association, 1871-1905, Mss Eur F147/2-9, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library, St Pancras

Correspondence and papers, GB12 Ms Add 6379, Cambridge University Library

Other names: 

Miss Manning

E. A. Manning

Adelaide Manning

Date of death: 
10 Aug 1905
Location of death: 
London, England
Tags for Making Britain: 

Atul Chandra Chatterjee

About: 

Atul Chandra Chatterjee was an administrator in India and later became High Commissioner in London. He first arrived in Britain in 1893, having won a Government of India scholarship to study at King’s College, Cambridge. He graduated with a Second Class in history in 1895. In 1896 he successfully sat the Indian Civil Service exam. He returned to India in 1897, taking up a post as district administrator in the United Provinces. Chatterjee pursued a successful career in the ICS. By 1921 he had been promoted to Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Industries and in 1923 he joined the Department’s Executive Council.

In 1924, Chatterjee married Galdys Mary Broughton, who advised the Government of India on women’s and child welfare. In 1924, Chatterjee accepted the offer of the post of High Commissioner for India in London, which he held until 1931. He was the driving force behind the building of India House, Aldwych, which houses the Indian High Commission to this day. The building was opened in 1930 by George V. In London, Chatterjee represented the Indian Government at the International Labour Conference as well as the League of Nations. He also represented the Indian Government at the London Naval Conference in 1930.

His experience as an administrator and his diplomatic skills were highly respected and reflected in the honours that were bestowed on him. He was made a KCIE in 1925 and KCSI in 1930. Subsequent to being High Commissioner, Chatterjee sat on the Council of India for five years. In 1942 he became Advisor to the Secretary of State for India, a post he held until 1947.

Chatterjee also took an interest in the arts. He was a member of the council of the Royal Academy of Arts for twenty years and its chairman from 1939 to 1940. He was also a member of the Royal Asiatic Society and Vice-Chairman of the East India Association. He published widely on Indian history. He remained in England after Indian independence and died in Sussex in September 1955.

Published works: 

Notes on the Industries of the United Provinces (Allahabad, 1908)

Moreland, William Harrison and Chatterjee (Sir Atul Chandra), A Short History of India...With 8 Maps (London: Longmans, 1936)

'Recent Social Changes in India', Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 89 (1940-1), pp. 3-14

Burn, Sir Richard and Chatterjee, Atul Chandra, British Contributions to Indian Studies (London: Longmans, 1943)

The New India (Allen & Unwin, 1948)

The Art of Katherine Mansfield: An Enquiry into the Meaning and Technique of the Short Stories of Katherine Mansfield in the Background of the Modern Short Story in England and Elsewhere (New Delhi: S. Chand & Co., 1980) 

Date of birth: 
24 Nov 1874
Connections: 

Richard Burn, Sir Harcourt Butler, Sir Thomas Holland, Sir James Meston, W. H. Moreland, William Rothenstein, Ranjit Singh, Edward J. ThompsonSwami Vivekananda, Francis Younghusband.

Reviews: 

J. Coatman, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs) 21, 1945, p. 422 (A Short History of India

Far Eastern Survey 18, 1949, p. 215

Kisch, Cecil, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs) 25, 1949, p. 235 (The New India)

Vera Anstey, The Economic Journal 59, 1949, pp. 107-8 (The New India)

Holden Furber, Pacific Affairs 23, 1950, pp. 108-9 (The New India

Haward, Edwin, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs) 29, 1953, p. 528 (A Short History of India)

Lewis, B. Clingman, The Catholic Historical Review 44, 1958, pp. 347-9 (A Short History of India)

Secondary works: 

'The Banquet for Ranjit Sinjhi', Indian Mirror, 16 December 1896

Burke, J., A General [later edns A Genealogical] and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the United Kingdom [later edns The British Empire] [1829-] (1939)

Drake, J. C. B., 'Chatterjee, Sir Atul Chandra (1874–1955)', rev. K. D. Reynolds, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32382]

Editorial, 'The Mazlis in Cambridge', in Vivekananda in Indian Newspapers, 1893-1902: Extracts from Twenty-Two Newspapers and Periodicals, ed. by Sankari Prasad Basy and Sunil Bihari Ghosh (Calcutta: Basu Bhattacharyya & Co., 1969), pp. 310-1.

Kaiwar, Vasant and Mazumdar, Sucheta, Antinomies of Modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation (Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2003)

Sharma, Ram Avtar and Chandra, Ankush, Makers of Indian History, 2 vols (New Delhi: Shree, 2005)

The Times (9 September 1955)

Venn, J. and Venn, J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates, and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, 2 pts in 10 vols (1922-54); reprinted in 2 vols (1974-8)

Who Was Who (1920-)

Withers, John J., A Register of Admissions to King's College Cambridge 1797-1925, 2nd edn (John Murray, 1929)

Archive source: 

OB/1/332/C, 1896-1909, Atul Chandra Chatterjee - Oscar Browning correspondence, King's College Library, University of Cambridge

MSS EUR F 147/84, India Office Records, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library, St Pancras

City of birth: 
Malda
Country of birth: 
India
Other names: 

Sir Atul Chandra Chatterjee

Location

24 Motcombe Court
Bexhill, TN39 4DL
United Kingdom
50° 50' 22.3728" N, 0° 27' 16.1028" E
Date of death: 
08 Sep 1955
Location of death: 
24 Motcombe Court, Bexhill, Sussex
Date of 1st arrival in Britain: 
01 Jan 1893
Dates of time spent in Britain: 

1893-7, 1924-55

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