Economics is practiced as an open discipline, with particular emphasis on its interface with the other social sciences, development, technology, philosophy and intellectual history. In both research and teaching, we also emphasise the practical application of economics, including issues relating to debt and personal finance, innovation policy, health policy in Africa, and the impact of tax and benefits on women carers, the measurement of capabilities and the analysis of happiness. Our open approach to economics encourages the use of whichever tools or techniques are most appropriate to practical issues, from different strands of economic theory, or where relevant from disciplines outside of economics.