{"id":10020,"date":"2018-07-25T14:09:48","date_gmt":"2018-07-25T13:09:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ounews.co\/?p=10020"},"modified":"2018-07-25T14:09:48","modified_gmt":"2018-07-25T13:09:48","slug":"three-days-is-still-too-long-to-hold-pregnant-women-in-immigration-detention","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/business-law\/three-days-is-still-too-long-to-hold-pregnant-women-in-immigration-detention\/","title":{"rendered":"Three days is still too long to hold pregnant women in immigration detention"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s been two years since a coalition of lobbying groups in the UK successfully challenged Home Office policy on the immigration detention of pregnant women. Under the new policy, enforced in mid-July 2016, pregnant women can now only be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/new-time-limit-planned-for-pregnant-women-in-detention\">detained for a maximum of 72 hours<\/a> (three days), or up to one week with the agreement of a minister.<\/p>\n<p>Yet around 50 pregnant women are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/business\/publications\/written-questions-answers-statements\/written-question\/Commons\/2018-03-14\/132553\/\">still detained annually<\/a> for administrative immigration purposes, not on criminal grounds. They are rarely removed from the UK, but the experience of immigration detention puts them under avoidable <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rcm.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/Detention%20of%20Pregnant%20Women_2%20spd_1.pdf\">maternal health risk<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A new <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/728376\/Shaw_report_2018_Final_web_accessible.pdf\">progress report<\/a>, commissioned by the Home Office from Stephen Shaw, a former prisons and probation ombudsman, has provided an update on the welfare of vulnerable people in immigration detention.<\/p>\n<p>Between the point when the time limit was first enforced in July 2016 until November 2017, 73 pregnant women were detained, of which <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/728376\/Shaw_report_2018_Final_web_accessible.pdf\">only 15 were removed<\/a>. This demonstrates that detention is not being mainly used for imminent removal from the UK, as it was first intended when the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/fairer-faster-and-firmer-a-modern-approach-to-immigration-and-asylum\">government expanded its detention estate<\/a> in the early 2000s. Nor is it being used \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/refworld\/docid\/503489533b8.html\">as a last resort<\/a>\u201d, as recommended by the UN High Commission for Refugees.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"NJkas\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/NJkas\/1\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Shaw reiterated his previous recommendation for an \u201cabsolute exclusion\u201d of pregnant women in detention originally made in the first version of his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/490783\/52532_Shaw_Review_Print_Ready.pdf\">report<\/a> in January 2016. Despite a House of Lords vote in favour of this recommendation, Theresa May, home secretary at the time, <a href=\"https:\/\/hansard.parliament.uk\/Lords\/2016-04-12\/debates\/E915E696-1A91-4757-90CF-5E510F2BEAC4\/ImmigrationBill\">overruled<\/a> it and instead introduced the 72-hour limit in the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2016\/19\/section\/60\/enacted\">Immigration Act 2016<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Considering that the UK is the only country in Europe with no statutory time limit on immigration detention, a limit of three days for pregnant women could be considered significant progress. Still, from a human rights perspective, detaining a pregnant woman for even one hour is \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.refugeewomen.co.uk\/detention-is-no-place-for-pregnant-women\/\">unnecessary and cruel<\/a>\u201d, according to Stephanie Harrison QC from Garden Court Chambers. Likewise, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rcm.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/Detention%20of%20Pregnant%20Women_2%20spd_1.pdf\">the Royal College of Midwives<\/a> states that detention: \u201cIncreases the stress placed on a pregnant woman at a time when she is increasingly vulnerable; maternal stress can lead to poor neonatal outcomes.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Deprived of their liberty and dignity, many pregnant women may have other children and family already in the UK from whom they\u2019re separated while living in <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/i-befriend-women-detained-at-yarls-wood-their-life-in-immigration-limbo-is-excruciating-92905\">immigration limbo<\/a>. There are also questions about whether antenatal health needs \u2013 which are time sensitive and deeply personal \u2013 will be met.<\/p>\n<h2>Pregnant women at unnecessary risk<\/h2>\n<p>My research focuses on the voluntary work of volunteer visitors who offer emotional and practical support to people held in immigration detention in the UK. A volunteer I interviewed shared her shocking experiences befriending a couple who were seeking asylum and expecting their first child before the new time limit was enforced.<\/p>\n<p>The volunteer described the extreme distress endured by the woman upon separation from her husband who was first held in a different detention centre and later transferred to the centre where she was being held. She spent three months of her pregnancy detained, traumatised by enforced removal charter flights which were cancelled twice by their lawyers, before she and her husband were released on bail. They were placed in a temporary hostel in a small single room, shared with another pregnant woman and her husband, before being moved to more appropriate government-contracted accommodation in the north of England. Four years later, and now with two children, they are still awaiting a decision on their asylum case.<\/p>\n<p>A medical charity\u2019s 2013 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.medicaljustice.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/expectingchange.pdf\">research<\/a> revealed the deterioration of asylum-seeking women\u2019s mental and physical health and some pregnancy complications inside immigration detention centres, on top of the traumatic issues of those who were victims of rape, torture and trafficking. Other <a href=\"https:\/\/www.no-walls-dl.org\/no-walls-blog\/2018\/7\/12\/72-hours-too-many-how-pregnant-women-are-let-down-in-immigration-detention\">testimonies<\/a> from previously detained pregnant women have described harrowing journeys as they were transferred to Yarl\u2019s Wood Immigration Removal Centre, the main centre in the UK for detaining female foreign nationals.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/228807\/original\/file-20180723-189338-1w138ha.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\" \/><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Detaining pregnant women can cause unnecessary trauma.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/home\">via ww.shutterstock.com<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In March 2015, an investigation of Yarl\u2019s Wood by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.channel4.com\/news\/yarls-wood-immigration-removal-detention-centre-investigation\">Channel 4 News<\/a>, included a pregnant woman collapsing in the dining room, bleeding and eventually being taken to the hospital only to learn she had miscarried and would return to the detention centre. Serco, the company contracted by the government to run Yarl\u2019s Wood, commissioned an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.serco.com\/media\/213\/213.original.pdf\">independent investigation<\/a> on the incidents highlighted by the Channel 4 expos\u00e9, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.serco.com\/news\/media-releases\/2016\/serco-welcomes-findings-of-independent-investigation-into-yarls-wood\">agreed<\/a> to make a series of changes as a result of the investigation\u2019s recommendations.<\/p>\n<p>Other cases have been <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2015\/oct\/06\/home-office-to-compensate-pregnant-asylum-seeker-for-unlawful-detention\">settled in court<\/a>, contributing to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/business\/publications\/written-questions-answers-statements\/written-question\/Commons\/2018-03-13\/132374\/\">\u00a321.2m spent by the Home Office on compensation payments<\/a> for unlawful detention between 2012 and 2017.<\/p>\n<h2>Safeguarding hidden vulnerable women<\/h2>\n<p>Although fewer pregnant women are being detained at Yarl\u2019s Wood, it\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rcm.org.uk\/news-views-and-analysis\/views\/women-in-immigration-detention-vulnerable-but-not-visible\">possible<\/a> they are being held in temporary holding facilities in ports and police stations where antenatal care is limited. The data on pregnant women in detention included in Shaw\u2019s recent report <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/728376\/Shaw_report_2018_Final_web_accessible.pdf\">did not include<\/a> women held at ports. More generally, Shaw said he was: \u201cConcerned about the possibility that holding rooms could be used for detention for more than one night, albeit rarely.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Accurate medical information about how many pregnant women are actually detained and where can be difficult to obtain. The help of voluntary sector and legal and health workers is necessary to ensure pregnant women (and other <a href=\"http:\/\/hubble-live-assets.s3.amazonaws.com\/biduk\/redactor2_assets\/files\/667\/Adults_at_risk_2018.pdf\">particularly vulnerable people<\/a>) do not remain hidden in holding facilities or removal centres.<\/p>\n<p>Pregnant women shouldn\u2019t be detained in the first place and safeguards to protect some of the most vulnerable people in our society should be prioritised over border control.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/joanne-vincett-449901\">Joanne Vincett<\/a>, PhD Candidate, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/the-open-university-748\">The Open University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published on <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/three-days-is-still-too-long-to-hold-pregnant-women-in-immigration-detention-100352\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Featured image:\u00a0A protest outside Yarl\u2019s Wood immigration detention centre in 2015.\u00a0<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/idarrenj\/19813506224\/sizes\/l\">Darren Johnson\/flickr.com<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s been two years since a coalition of lobbying groups in the UK successfully challenged Home Office policy on the immigration detention of pregnant women. Under the new policy, enforced in mid-July 2016, pregnant women can now only be detained for a maximum of 72 hours (three days), or up to one week with the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":10021,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,15],"tags":[1129,1434,1762,2462],"class_list":["post-10020","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business-law","category-society-politics","tag-immigration","tag-migrants","tag-pregnancy","tag-yarls-wood"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10020","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10020"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10020\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10020"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10020"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10020"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}