{"id":2166,"date":"2016-01-28T15:44:20","date_gmt":"2016-01-28T14:44:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ounews.co\/?p=2166"},"modified":"2016-01-28T15:44:20","modified_gmt":"2016-01-28T14:44:20","slug":"30-years-on-what-the-challenger-disaster-meant-for-our-race-into-space","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/science-mct\/space\/30-years-on-what-the-challenger-disaster-meant-for-our-race-into-space\/","title":{"rendered":"30 years on: what the Challenger disaster meant for our race into space"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It was one of those moments you\u2019ll never forget. Thirty years ago, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/shuttlemissions\/archives\/sts-51L.html\">Challenger space shuttle<\/a> exploded 73 seconds after launch. In an instant, a dream became a tragedy \u2013 and all because a small, simple seal had failed in the right solid rocket booster.<br \/>\nI remember the event well. I had a dark cubbyhole of an office overlooking a doorway that was a short-cut between our offices and the bar, where there was a television. At just after five o\u2019clock, when I was thinking of packing up for the day, a colleague banged on my window. \u201cThe shuttle has exploded,\u201d he said. \u201cWe\u2019re going to see if there\u2019s any news on TV\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>He had heard a news bulletin on his radio and wanted to find out what had happened. It\u2019s all too easy to forget now that in those days you couldn\u2019t just do a quick internet search or flick over to the news channel. The news was broadcast at specific times \u2013 and the BBC evening news was not on until 6pm.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/09CFfnkjGhM?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n<p>I saw the first film footage of the disaster on the children\u2019s news programme, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/watch?v=09CFfnkjGhM\">Newsround<\/a> \u2013 appropriate since the mission was the first to have a teacher, Christa McAuliffe, on board, and Newsround had been following the build-up to the launch.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/j4JOjcDFtBE?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n<p>Like millions of others, I hoped that the appearance of several streaks from the shuttle signified that the seven-strong crew had escaped and would soon be rescued from the Atlantic Ocean. But, as is well-known, that was not the case \u2013 and the subsequent <a href=\"http:\/\/history.nasa.gov\/rogersrep\/genindex.htm\">Rogers Commission<\/a> found that Sharon Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, Judith A. Resnik, Francis R. (Dick) Scobee, Ronald E. McNair, Mike J. Smith and Ellison S. Onizuka were likely to have either died from hypoxia during their return through the atmosphere, or on impact with the water surface. They were the first American astronauts to die in flight.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com\/files\/108198\/width668\/image-20160114-2356-1xbj6el.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"caption\">The Challenger crew taking a break during countdown training.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/pictures.reuters.com\/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&amp;VBID=2C0BXZ5E2LRN8&amp;SMLS=1&amp;RW=1366&amp;RH=706\">NASA\/Reuters<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Since then, there have been advances in communication that have changed the world almost beyond recognition. We no longer have to wait for a news bulletin to receive information, or go to a specific location to watch footage of an event. We carry the news with us \u2013 mobile phones and social media give 24\/7 access to world events, relaying images and commentary from one side of the globe to the other almost instantly. But has space travel changed that much?<\/p>\n<h2>A global calamity<\/h2>\n<p>That Challenger mission was the 25th to take off as part of the main Shuttle Transportation System (STS) program. Its launch came at a time when almost every launch was a mission \u201cfirst\u201d, whether it featured the first American woman, the first African-American, the first European, the first politician. Interest in STS-51-L was particularly high, because school students had followed selection of Christa McAuliffe from 11,000 applicants as part of the Teacher in Space Project. US president Ronald Reagan\u2019s subsequent speech \u2013 paraphrasing John Gillespie Magee\u2019s poem <a href=\"http:\/\/www.davidpbrown.co.uk\/poetry\/john-magee.html\">High Flight<\/a> \u2013 expressed the enormity of the calamity.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and \u2018slipped the surly bonds of earth\u2019 to \u2018touch the face of God\u2019.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/gEjXjfxoNXM?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"caption\">President Ronald Reagan\u2019s Challenger speech.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The shuttle program was suspended for almost three years and, following its re-introduction, flew 88 successful missions in 14 years, most of which were to build and supply the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/main\/index.html\">International Space Station (ISS)<\/a>. The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.space.com\/19436-columbia-disaster.html\">Columbia disaster of February 2003<\/a>, when the shuttle disintegrated on re-entry, killing all seven crew, again halted the program. One of the most damning findings of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/columbia\/home\/CAIB_Vol1.html\">Columbia Accident Investigation Board<\/a> was the criticism of NASA\u2019s decision-making, its risk assessment procedures and its organisational structures \u2013 concluding that NASA had failed to learn many of the lessons from Challenger.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com\/files\/109372\/width668\/image-20160127-26792-1opxh24.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"caption\">Columbia launches from the Kennedy Space Centre in 1996.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/pictures.reuters.com\/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&amp;VBID=2C0BXZKP5LNPB&amp;SMLS=1&amp;RW=1366&amp;RH=706#\/SearchResult&amp;VBID=2C0BXZKP5LNPB&amp;SMLS=1&amp;RW=1366&amp;RH=706&amp;PN=2&amp;POPUPPN=64&amp;POPUPIID=2C0BF1DW6OAI\">Reuters<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The shuttle program ended in 2011, at first leaving supply of the ISS dependent on the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/audience\/forstudents\/k-4\/stories\/nasa-knows\/what-is-the-soyuz-spacecraft-k-4\">Russian Soyuz<\/a> and European <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arianespace.com\">Ariane<\/a> rockets. Latterly, the private companies SpaceX and Orbital Sciences have also been contracted to transport cargo to and from the ISS.<\/p>\n<h2>Where next?<\/h2>\n<p>So what is the legacy of Challenger? Have we taken on board all the advanced safety requirements that followed the two shuttle disasters? Have the recommendations on organisational change been followed? Sadly, until there is another disaster, we probably won\u2019t know. But with every successful launch that takes place, we can be more certain that spaceflight \u2013 at least unmanned spaceflight \u2013 is becoming more routine.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, human spaceflight as a regular, accepted mode of travel is seemingly as far away as it was in 1986. The arrival of private companies on the scene has given more impetus to the idea that space travel for pleasure is achievable \u2013 but the crash of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2015\/jul\/28\/virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-crash-cause\">Virgin Galactic\u2019s SpaceShip Two<\/a> in November 2014 again questioned the safety of such enterprises.<\/p>\n<p>There is a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.globalspaceexploration.org\/wordpress\/\">Global Space Exploration Programme<\/a> and NASA has reaffirmed its commitment to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/journey-to-mars-next-steps-20151008_508.pdf\">human exploration of Mars<\/a>. Meanwhile, ESA\u2019s director-general, Johann-Dietrich Woerner, has declared that he wants to build a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/story\/20150712-should-we-build-a-village-on-the-moon\">village on the Moon<\/a>, probably using 3D printer technology, and that it should be a global village for all nations. But the truth is that many of the documents associated with these ventures are aspirational rather than realistic.<\/p>\n<p>Future visions of human space exploration are either inspiring or laughable, depending where you sit on the optimism-pessimism scale. But they do give us something to strive for \u2013 and surely that is the best lesson to take from Challenger, and a fitting tribute to those who have lost their lives in space. Never give up, we\u2019ll get there in the end. And the views will be breathtaking.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.edu.au\/content\/53194\/count.gif\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/monica-grady-125306\">Monica Grady<\/a>, Professor of Planetary and Space Sciences, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/the-open-university\">The Open University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published on <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/thirty-years-on-what-the-challenger-disaster-meant-for-our-race-into-space-53194\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It was one of those moments you\u2019ll never forget. Thirty years ago, the Challenger space shuttle exploded 73 seconds after launch. In an instant, a dream became a tragedy \u2013 and all because a small, simple seal had failed in the right solid rocket booster. I remember the event well. I had a dark cubbyhole [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":2170,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[183,410,635,1451,1464,1499,1532,2081],"class_list":["post-2166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-space","tag-astronaut","tag-challenger","tag-disaster","tag-mission","tag-monica-grady","tag-nasa","tag-newsround","tag-space"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2166"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2166\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2170"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}