{"id":9419,"date":"2018-06-27T18:44:22","date_gmt":"2018-06-27T17:44:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ounews.co\/?p=9419"},"modified":"2018-06-27T18:44:22","modified_gmt":"2018-06-27T17:44:22","slug":"is-there-a-new-volcano-on-hawaii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/science-mct\/science-environment\/is-there-a-new-volcano-on-hawaii\/","title":{"rendered":"Is there a new volcano on Hawaii?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Kilauea, the most active volcano on Hawaii, <a href=\"https:\/\/eu.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/nation\/2018\/05\/07\/hawaii-volcano-science-behind-eruption-kilauea\/586268002\/\">has been in continual eruption<\/a> since 1983. It entered a new phase in early May when fractures along a rift on the eastern side of the volcano opened during a series of earthquakes \u2013 some of which became volcanic fissures from which lava was erupted.<\/p>\n<p>These fissures allowed magma that had been ponded in a lava summit lake <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/eruptions-and-lava-flows-on-kilauea-but-whats-going-on-beneath-hawaiis-volcano-96919\">to drain onto the ground surface as lava flows<\/a> lower down the mountain. This was close to a residential subdivision known as Leilani Estates, where a new volcanic cone has since developed.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/225108\/original\/file-20180627-112623-11jqmbt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/225108\/original\/file-20180627-112623-11jqmbt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The lava lake in Kilauea\u2019s summit crater (Halemaumau) on March 19 2018.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">US Geological Survey<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Kilauea is buttressed on its north-west side by the enormous mass of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.volcanodiscovery.com\/maunaloa.html\">Mauna Loa volcano<\/a>, but its south-east slopes face the ocean and are unsupported. The magma from beneath the volcano usually erupts from the summit of the volcano, and there was a spectacular lava lake there in March. However two rift zones (areas where the volcano is splitting apart), extending east and south-west from the summit, can make it possible for lava to erupts from Kilauea\u2019s flanks too.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/9BqECbvDUKM?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Time lapse animation made from USGS maps of active lava during the May-June 2018 eruption of Kilauea.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The current activity is based along the east rift zone. According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/\">US Geological Survey<\/a>, 23 separate new fractures there became volcanic fissures from which lava was erupted. By the end of May, \u201cfissure 8\u201d (the eighth new fissure to have announced itself) had become dominant \u2013 with activity at the others ceasing or subsiding. This was the source of the lava that by June 4 was flowing into the sea several miles away near the Vacationland resort, where it completely filled what had previously been <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/06\/06\/us\/hawaii-volcano-kapoho-bay\/index.html\">Kapoho Bay<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/224462\/original\/file-20180622-26573-12jqyjx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/224462\/original\/file-20180622-26573-12jqyjx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The \u2018fissure 8\u2019 cone on June 15 2018.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">US Geological Survey<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>By mid-June, the coagulated spatter around the persistently active part of fissure 8 had built a cone approaching 200ft high. This is a prominent and substantial feature on the landscape, and one that is likely to endure for thousands of years unless it is obliterated by later more violent or voluminous volcanic activity.<\/p>\n<h2>Separate plumbing<\/h2>\n<p>The question naturally arises as to whether this new hill and source of all that lava is a volcano in its own right. If you look on the internet you will typically find \u201cvolcano\u201d defined as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.oxforddictionaries.com\/definition\/volcano\">something like<\/a> \u201ca landscape feature produced at a site where magma is erupted\u201d. Such a simplistic definition would qualify the \u201cfissure 8\u201d cone as a volcano, but I think just about every professional volcanologist would reject this, on the grounds that it is merely a subsidiary vent belonging to Kilauea.<\/p>\n<p>This is because it is fed by magma from the source that supplies Kilauea as a whole, and could equally well have erupted elsewhere on Kilauea. The new cone at fissure 8 is not significantly more substantial than numerous older subsidiary cones elsewhere on Kilauea.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/224465\/original\/file-20180622-26555-gm28ib.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/224465\/original\/file-20180622-26555-gm28ib.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Pu&#8217;u Huluhulu seen from Mauna Ulu, Kilauea, May 11 2018. A now tree-covered cone built around a subsidiary vent, like the \u2018fissure 8\u2019 cone, and partly buried by lavas from the 1974 eruption of Kilauea\u2019s nearby Mauna Ulu vent.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">D. A. Rothery<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>However, you would search in vain for a formally sanctioned definition of the term \u201cvolcano\u201d to quantify the degree of connectedness or mutual size relationships in a way that could settle this issue. On the positive side, the lack of such a definition enables volcanologists to avoid the sometimes bitter controversy over the formal definition of the term \u201cplanet\u201d that has <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/nasa-mission-brings-pluto-into-sharp-focus-but-its-still-not-a-planet-40495\">plagued astronomers since 2006<\/a>, when Pluto was demoted to being a \u201cdwarf planet\u201d. But it does leave them open to people arguing that, if the fissure 8 cone is just part of Kilauea, then why don\u2019t we count Kilauea as just part of Mauna Loa?<\/p>\n<p>There is some logic in this, because Kilauea and Mauna Loa both draw their magma from the same source in the Earth\u2019s mantle (the <a href=\"https:\/\/geology.com\/usgs\/hawaiian-hot-spot\/\">Hawaiian hotspot<\/a> plume). But in this case professional volcanologists generally agree that these are best regarded as separate systems, and the US Geological Survey rightly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/USGSVolcanoes\/posts\/2077962172232333:0\">regards the situation that way<\/a>. That\u2019s because activity at K\u012blauea has no discernible effect on Mauna Loa\u2019s magmatic system.<\/p>\n<h2>A name?<\/h2>\n<p>Although I would agree that the fissure 8 vent is not a volcano in its own right, it does surely deserve to be referred to by a suitably memorable designation. The stance of the US Geological Survey is that bestowing names is not up to them.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/98784\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/>This, they say, is the right of the local community, which includes the many people who have lost their homes to the new lava flows. It could end up being known as Pu&#8217;u Leilani (Hawaiian for \u201cLeilani Hill\u201d, after its location), or maybe as something more poetic. But the time for this will be when this phase of the eruption has ended, which might not be for several more weeks.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/david-rothery-121323\">David Rothery<\/a>, Professor of Planetary Geosciences, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/the-open-university-748\">The Open University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published on <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/is-there-a-new-volcano-on-hawaii-98784\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kilauea, the most active volcano on Hawaii, has been in continual eruption since 1983. It entered a new phase in early May when fractures along a rift on the eastern side of the volcano opened during a series of earthquakes \u2013 some of which became volcanic fissures from which lava was erupted. These fissures allowed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":9420,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[861,1034,1794,2200,2374],"class_list":["post-9419","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-environment","tag-faculty-of-stem","tag-hawaii","tag-professor-david-rothery","tag-the-conversation","tag-volcano"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9419","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9419"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9419\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9420"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9419"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9419"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9419"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}