barrister

Badruddin Tyabji

About: 

Badruddin Tyabji was the son of Cambay merchant, Tyab Ali, and his wife, Ameena, the daughter of a rich mullah, Meher Ali. Tyab All of Tyab Ali's sons went to England for further education or trade. His elder brother, Camruddin, had been the first Indian solictor admitted in England, and inspired the 15-year-old Badruddin to join the Bar.

In April 1860 Tyabji went to England to study at the Highbury New Park College. His father gave him letters of introduction to Lord Ellenborough, the retired Viceroy of India. Tyabji passed the London matriculation examination and entered London University and the Middle Temple as a student in 1863. Because of deteriorating eyesight he returned to Bombay in late 1864 but resumed terms at the Middle Temple in late 1865. While in India he was married to a 14-year-old girl. He was called to the Bar in April 1867, and on his return to Bombay in December 1867 became the first Indian barrister in the High Court of Bombay.

Tyabji was elected to the municipal corporation in 1873. He was a member of the University of Bombay senate (1875–1905) and appointed to the Bombay legislative council in 1882, resigning in 1886 owing to ill health. Along with Pherozeshah Mehta and K. T. Telang, he was largely responsible for forming the Bombay Presidency Association in 1885, a body which championed Indian interests and hosted the first meeting of the Indian National Congress in Bombay at the end of 1885. Tyabji was the third President of Congress. He was deeply concerned with matters affecting Muslims. To promote social interaction among the city's Muslims, Tyabji was instrumental in founding both the Islam Club and the Islam Gymkhana. He sent all of his daughters to be educated in Bombay and in 1904 he sent two of them to boarding school in Haslemere in England.

In June 1895 Tyabji was made a judge of the Bombay High Court, the first Muslim and the third Indian to be so elevated. While on a year's furlough in London in 1906 Tyabji died suddenly of a heart attack.

Date of birth: 
10 Oct 1844
Connections: 

W. C. Bonnerjee, Danial Latifi (grandson, educated at St John's College, Oxford, and called to the Bar), Pherozeshah Mehta, Dadabhai Naoroji, Moshin Tyabji (first son, educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and joined ICS), Husain Tyabji (second son, educated at Downing College, Cambridge, and called to the Bar), Faiz Badr-ud-din Tyabji (third son, barrister), Salman Tyabji (fourth son, educated at Cooper's Hill Engineering College and worked in Public Works Department), Hatim Tyabji (fifth son, educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and called to the Bar), Badr-ud-din Tyabji (grandson, educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and in the ICS), Kamila Tyabji (granddaughter, educated at St Hugh's College, Oxford, and called to the Bar).

Reviews: 

Morning Post, 27 August 1895

The Times, 21 August 1906

Indian Magazine and Review

429, September 1906, pp.  237-44  

 

 

Secondary works: 

Brown, F. H., 'Tyabji, Badruddin (1844–1906)', rev. Jim Masselos, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36600]

Futehally, Laeeq, Badruddin Tyabji (New Delhi: National Book Trust, India, 1994)

Husain, S. Abid, The Destiny of Indian Muslims (London: Asia Publishing House, 1965)

Indian Judges. Biographical and Critical Sketches. With Portraits, Etc. [by Various Authors.] (Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1932)

Masselos, Jim C., Towards Nationalism: Group Affiliations and the Politics of Public Associations in Nineteenth Century Western India (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1974)

Noorani, Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed, Badruddin Tyabji, Builders of Modern India ([New Delhi]: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1969)

Sen, S. P., Dictionary of National Biography (Calcutta: Institute of Historical Studies, 1972-74), 4 vols, Vol. 4., pp. 365-7

Shakir, Moin, Muslims and Indian National Congress: Badruddin Tyabji and His Times (Delhi: Ajanta Publications (India): Distributors, Ajanta Books International, 1987)

Tyabji, Husain Badruddin, Badruddin Tyabji: A Biography (Bombay: Thacker, 1952)

Umar, Mohd, Badruddin Tyabji: A Political Study (Bangalore: Ultra, 1997)

Archive source: 

Correspondence and papers, National Archives of India, New Delhi

Fyzee Collection, Bombay University, Mumbai

City of birth: 
Bombay
Country of birth: 
India
Current name city of birth: 
Mumbai
Date of death: 
19 Aug 1906
Location of death: 
London, England
Date of 1st arrival in Britain: 
01 Apr 1860
Dates of time spent in Britain: 

1860-4, 1865-7, 1906

Tags for Making Britain: 

Manmath Mallik

About: 

Manmath Mallik trained as a barrister at Middle Temple in 1875. He had travelled to England in 1873 to study at Christ's College, Cambridge. He wrote a number of books about India and was Fellow of the Zoological Society.

In the 1906 General Election, Manmath Mallik stood as Liberal candidate for St George's, Hanover Square. He lost to the Unionist candidate by 2,073 votes. He stood again in 1910 at Uxbridge but was again defeated by the Unionist candidate by 4,719 votes.

Manmath Mallik was the grandfather of Baron Chitnis, the son of his daughter Lucia.

Published works: 

The South Africa Problem: A View of the Political Situation (London, 1903)

The Problem of Existence: Its Mystery, Struggle and Comfort in the Light of Aryan Wisdom (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1904)

Impressions of a Wanderer (London T. Fisher Unwin, 1907)

A Study in Ideals: Great Britain and India (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1912)

Orient and Occident: A Comparative study (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1913)

Example: 

S. N. S., The Bookman, December 1912, p. 180

Date of birth: 
03 Oct 1853
Content: 

Review of A Study in Ideals

Reviews: 

C. W. Saleeby, Academy and Literature, 6 August 1904; Westminster Review, November 1904 (Problem of Existence)

S. N. S., The Bookman, December 1912 (A Study in Ideals)

Athenaeum, 9 August 1913; The Spectator, 12 July 1913 (Orient and Occident)

Extract: 

Time and again Anglo-Indian writers have taken the reading public into their confidence and, in the frankest language, stated their opinions of the educated Indian, or "the Babu," as they style him; but rarely has a native of India been accorded the privilege of returning the compliment by plainly telling just what he thought of the Englishman in Hindostan and at home. In this circumstance, the publication of this volume presenting the ideas of a Bengalee barrister regarding institutions as they exist in Great Britain, the relations of the Mother Country with the Colonies, British rule in India, and the Britons in whose charge it is placed, is of more than passing interest.

Secondary works: 

Venn, J. A. (ed.), Alumni Cantabrigienses, Volume IV, part II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1931)

Visram, Rozina, Asians in Britain: 400 Years of History (London: Pluto Press, 2002)

City of birth: 
Calcutta
Country of birth: 
India
Current name city of birth: 
Kolkata
Other names: 

Manmath Chandra Mallik

Manmatha Chandra Mallik

Location

Christ's College
St Andrew's Street
Cambridge, CB2 3AR
United Kingdom
52° 12' 10.764" N, 0° 7' 25.3848" E
Date of death: 
01 Jan 1922
Precise date of death unknown: 
Y
Date of 1st arrival in Britain: 
01 Jan 1873
Precise 1st arrival date unknown: 
Y
Tags for Making Britain: 

Fazl-I-Husain

About: 

Fazl-i-Husain travelled to Britain in 1898 to further his education. He was admitted to Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1899 and graduated with a BA in 1901. He had intended to enter the Indian Civil Service (ICS) but was unsuccessful in the exams. He studied Oriental languages and law at Cambridge and was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn in 1901. Husain was elected President of the Cambridge Majlis in January 1901 and involved in writing a telegram of condolence to Edward VII upon the death of Queen Victoria.

Husain returned to the Punjab in 1901 and set up a law practice in Sialkot. He then practised at the Punjab High Court in Lahore until 1920. He was also actively involved with the Punjab branch of the Muslim League and became a Minister in the Punjab Government, 1921-30. He then began to break away from Jinnah and the Muslim League to build up the Unionist Party in Punjab. He was a member of the Viceroy's Council, 1929-35, and died in 1936.

Date of birth: 
14 Jun 1877
Secondary works: 

Ahmad, Waheed (ed.), Letters of Mian Fazl-i-Husain (Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1976)

Husain, M. Azim, Fazl-i-Husain: A Political Biography (Bombay: Longmans Green, 1946)

Moore, R. J., The Crisis of Indian Unity 1917-1940 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974)

Page, D. J. A., 'Prelude to Partition: All-India Moslem Politics, 1920-32', unpublished DPhil thesis (University of Oxford, 1974)

Archive source: 

Mss Eur E352, private papers, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library, St Pancras

City of birth: 
Peshawar, Punjab
Country of birth: 
India
Other names: 

Mian Fazl-i-Husain

Fazli Husain

Location

Christ's College Cambridge, CB2 3BU
United Kingdom
52° 10' 21.3528" N, 0° 6' 40.3992" E
Date of death: 
09 Jul 1936
Date of 1st arrival in Britain: 
19 Sep 1898
Dates of time spent in Britain: 

1898-1901

Tags for Making Britain: 

Michael Madhusudan Dutt

About: 

Born in 1824, Madhusudan Dutt was the son of a lawyer. In 1830, he moved to Calcutta and later studied at Hindu College where he began to write poetry in English and Bengali. In 1842, his poems began to be published in literary magazines in India. He sent some to the editors of Blackwood's Magazine and Bentley's Miscellany in Britain but they were not published. He greatly admired Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley and had a fierce ambition to visit England. Dutt began to consider conversion to Christianity when his father proposed an arranged marriage to a Hindu girl. In 1843, Dutt ran away from home and was baptised. He moved to Madras and married an orphan called Rebecca.

Having returned to Calcutta, Dutt published the epic historical poem Meghnad-Badh-Kabya in Bengali, for which he is most famous. Having found little success in his poetry written in English, Dutt's works in Bengali were more favourably received. Dutt's Bengali poetry and plays influenced and encouraged others like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and later Rabindranath Tagore.

He still had a strong desire to go to Britain and so raised enough money to leave in 1862. Initially he stayed with Manomohun Ghose and Satyendranath Tagore in London and was admitted to Gray's Inn. His second wife, Henrietta, and children joined him in 1863. Beset by financial difficulties and facing racial prejudice, they moved to Versailles. Dutt continued to return to London to attend the Bar dinners and lived in Shepherds Bush for a while. He was called to the Bar on 17 November 1866. Dutt sailed back to India in 1867 and tried to pursue a legal career. He died in 1873.

Published works: 

Works include:-

The Captive Ladie (1849)

Krishna Kumari (1861)

Meghnad-Badh-Kabya (1861)

Ratnavali (1858)

Sermista (1859)

Date of birth: 
25 Jan 1824
Connections: 

Manomohun Ghose (lawyer), Dr Theodore Goldstrucker (Professor of Sanskrit at UCL), Satyendranath Tagore, I. C. Vidyasagar.

Secondary works: 

Chaudhury, Rosinka, Gentlemen Poets in Colonial Bengal: Emergent Nationalism and the Orientalist Project (Calcutta: Seagull, 2002)

Datta, Michael Madhusudan, The Slaying of Meghanada: a Ramayana from Colonial Bengal, translated and with an introduction by Clinton B. Seely (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)

Gupta, Kshetra (ed.), Madhusudan Rachanabali (Calcutta: Sahitya Samsad, 1993) [Collected Works in Bengali]

Murshid, Ghulam, Lured by Hope: A Biography of Michael Madhusudan Dutt (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003)

Murshid, Ghulam (ed.), The Heart of a Rebel Poet: Letters of Michael Madhusudan Dutt (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004)

Archive source: 

Exam paper, Society for the Propagation of the Gospels Papers, Rhodes House Archives, Oxford

City of birth: 
Jessore, Bengal
Country of birth: 
India
Current name country of birth: 
Bangladesh
Other names: 

Michael Madhusudan Datta

M. M. Dutt

M. M. S. Dutt

Location

Russell Square, London WC1H 0DB
United Kingdom
51° 31' 38.7516" N, 0° 7' 16.2192" W
Date of death: 
29 Jun 1873
Location of death: 
Calcutta, India
Date of 1st arrival in Britain: 
01 Jul 1862
Precise 1st arrival date unknown: 
Y
Dates of time spent in Britain: 

July 1862 - April 1869

Tags for Making Britain: 

W. C. Bonnerjee

About: 

Woomes Chunder Bonnerjee was the son of Girish Chunder Bonnerjee, an attorney, and his wife, Saraswati Devi. He was educated at the Oriental Seminary and the Hindu School, Calcutta. Concerned at his negligence, his father removed him from school and in 1861 articled him to a local British solicitor. Bonnerjee won a government scholarship to study Law in England in 1864 and lodged at 108 Denbigh Street, St George's Road, London. He was admitted a student of  Middle Temple on 19 November 1864 and was called to the Bar on 11 June 1867. He was a founder and Secretary of the London Indian Society, and advocated representative and responsible government in India. He then became a member of the East India Association, which superseded the London Indian Society.

Bonnerjee left England in 1868, and on 12 November was enrolled as an advocate at the Calcutta High Court. He became involved with Calcutta University; he was a member of its syndicate, President of its Faculty of Law (1884), and its first representative on the Legislative Council (1894–5). Bonnerjee was one of the founder-members of the Indian National Congress in December 1885. Proposed by Allan Octavian Hume, he was unanimously elected the first President. In the meantime, Bonnerjee travelled between India and Britain: he sent his four-year old son Shelley, and young Nolini and Susie to be educated in Britain in 1874. He and his wife, Hemangini, travelled to and fro, bringing their children to be educated in Britain. In 1888 Hemangini settled permanently in London.

Wealthy from the Bar, Bonnerjee, in about 1890, bought a large house, 8 Bedford Park, Croydon, Surrey, which he named Kidderpore. Bonnerjee lived partly in England and partly in India until 1902, thereafter living mostly at Croydon and practising before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. He died at his home, Kidderpore, on 21 July 1906. Although Hemangini had converted to Christianity, W. C. Bonnerjee had remained a Hindu, but was given a non-religious burial in England, as according to his wishes. Hemangini returned to India after his death and died in 1910. Their descendents live in India and Britain.

Published works: 

Reform of the Hindu Marriage Laws: A Paper Read at a Meeting Held on the 26th of November 1867 and Reprinted from the Journal of the East India Association (London: Macmillan, 1868)

The Hindu Wills Act, Act Xxi of 1870 (Calcutta, 1871)

Indian Politics: A Collection of Essays and Addresses. With an Introduction by W. C. Bonnerjee (Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1898)

Date of birth: 
29 Dec 1844
Connections: 

Surendranath Banerjea (Bonnerjee defended Banerjea in 1883), Hemangini Bonnerjee (wife), Janaki Agnes Penelope Majumdar (daughter), Kamal Krishna Shelley Bonnerjee (son), Ratna Krishna Curran Bonnerjee (son), Noline Héloise Bonnerjee (daughter), Pramilla Bonnerjee (daughter), Susila Anita Bonnerjee (daughter), Revd Pitt Bonarjee (cousin), Romesh Chunder Dutt, Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji.

Contributions to periodicals: 

Journal of the East India Association 1.1 (Jul. 1867) [transcripts of first EIA annual meeting in which W. C. Bonnerjee was involved]

Secondary works: 

Banerji, K. L., Life, Letters and Speeches of W. C. Bonnerjee (Calcutta: 1923) 

Bonnerjee, Sadhona, Life of W.C. Bonnerjee: First President of the Indian National Congress (Calcutta: Bhowanipore Press, 1944)

Craig, F. W. S., British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918 ([S. l.]: Macmillan, 1974)

Foster, Joseph, Men-at-the-Bar: A Biographical Hand-List of the Members of the Various Inns of Court, Including Her Majesty's Judges, Etc ([S.l.]: Reeves and Turner, 1885)

Ghose, Manmatha Nath, W. C. Bonnerjee - the First and Eighth President of Indian National Congress. Snapshots from His Life and His London Letters. Vol. 1 ... Revised by Manmatha Nath Ghose (Calcutta: Deshbandhu Book Depot, 1944)

Lahiri, Shompa, Indians in Britain: Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880-1930 (London: Frank Cass, 2000)

Majumdar, Janaki Agnes Penelope, Family History, ed. and introduction by Antoinette Burton (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003)

Mukherjee, Manicklal, W. C. Bonnerjee: Snapshots from his Life and his London Letters (Calcutta: Deshbandu Book Depot, 1944)

Sanyal, Ram Gopal, A General Biography of Bengali Celebrities, both living and dead (Calcutta: U. C. Chuckerbutty, 1889)

Stearn, Roger T., 'Bonnerjee, Woomes Chunder (1844–1906)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/76337]

Sturgess, H. A. C., Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple, from the Fifteenth Century to the Year 1944 (London: Published for the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple by Butterworth, 1949)

Virabhadraravu, Adiraju, Jivita Caritavali = Lives of Great Men: Mudati Bhagamu (Madras: A. Virabhadraravu, 1913)

Visram, Rozina, Asians in Britain: 400 Years of History (London: Pluto, 2002)

City of birth: 
Sonai, Kidderpore, Bengal
Country of birth: 
India
Other names: 

Woomes Chunder Bonnerjee

Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee

Locations

108 Denbigh Street
London, SW1V 2EU
United Kingdom
51° 29' 18.5676" N, 0° 8' 18.7152" W
'Kidderpore' House
8 Bedford Park
Croyden, CR0 2BS
United Kingdom
51° 22' 43.9104" N, 0° 5' 44.8764" W
Date of death: 
21 Jul 1906
Location of death: 
Croydon, London, England
Date of 1st arrival in Britain: 
01 Jan 1864
Precise 1st arrival date unknown: 
Y
Dates of time spent in Britain: 

1864-8, 1888, 1890-1902 (on and off), 1902-6

Mithan J Lam

About: 

Mithan Lam was the daughter of Ardeshir and Herabai Tata. Born in 1898, her father was a manager of a textile mill and had been to Lancashire in 1913 to learn new ideas about the cotton industry. In 1911, on a holiday in Kashmir, Herabai and Mithan met Sophia Duleep Singh, who told them about the suffrage movement in Britain and inspired Herabai to become involved in women's rights.

Mithan was awarded a first class degree in economics from Elphinstone College, Bombay, winning a medal for the highest marks. Through her mother's connections, who was Honorary Secretary of the Women's Indian Association in Bombay, they were invited to go to Britain in 1919 to give evidence to a Royal Commission on Indian Reforms chaired by Lord Southborough.

Mithan spoke to MPs in the House of Commons and at public meetings in London on the issue of female suffrage in India. She then decided to stay on in England, enrolling on a Masters Course at the LSE in October 1919. Her mother remained in England to look after her. In 1920 the Inns of Court were opened for women and Mithan joined Lincoln's Inn in April 1920. She was one of the first ten women to be called to the Bar in 1923.

Upon her return to Bombay in December 1923, Mithan enrolled in the Bombay High Court and became active in womens' organizations and reform. She edited Stri Dharma, the journal of the All India Women's Conference, for five years. She married Jamshed Shorab Lam in 1933. 

Example: 

Mss Eur F341/147, manuscript memoir 'Autumn Leaves', Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library, St Pancras, chapter VII.

Date of birth: 
01 Jan 1898
Content: 

On work for deputation to Southborough Committee in 1919. On the leaders of the British Women's Suffrage movement - Mrs Despard, Mrs Ogilvie Gordon, Mrs Millicent Fawcett and Mrs Corbett-Ashby.

Connections: 

Annie Besant (through Theosophical Society in India and then through women's rights), Madame Cama (met in Paris), Margaret Cousins, Charlotte Despard, Millicent Fawcett, Mrs Ogilvie Gordon, Ramsay MacDonald, Sarojini Naidu, Sankaran Nair, Sophia Duleep Singh, Agnes Smedley (president of the Lyceum Club), Lord Southborough, Herabai Tata (mother).

Contributions to periodicals: 

Jus Suffragii: The International Woman Suffrage News

Precise DOB unknown: 
Y
Extract: 

I would like to mention and acknowledge here the unstinted support and help these fine women of the various associations gave us; not only in arranging lecture meetings for us in London, but in many other places in England and Scotland, finding hospitality for us when we were speaking out of London, and passing resolutions supporting our cause, forwarding these resolutions to their M.P.’s etc.

Secondary works: 

Forbes, Geraldine, Women in Modern India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

Relevance: 

The networks and co-operation between British and Indian suffragettes.

Archive source: 

Mss Eur F341/147, manuscript memoir 'Autumn Leaves', Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library, St Pancras

Herabai Tata's Correspondence with Jaiji Petit, Nehru Memorial Library Archives, New Delhi

Involved in events: 

Address, 'Indian Women and the Vote', to public meeting of Women's Freedom League at Minerva Cafe, London, 3 December 1919.

City of birth: 
Near Nagpur
Country of birth: 
India
Other names: 

née Tata

Location

London School of Economics
Houghton Street
London, WC2A 2AE
United Kingdom
51° 30' 50.1948" N, 0° 6' 59.6736" W
Dates of time spent in Britain: 

1919 - December 1923

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