Category Archives: Things to remember

Learning outcomes

And, following on from my last post, the course has ten learning outcomes listed in the Studay and Assessment Guide. One of these is:
‘Work with others to carry out the stages of drafting research proposals, data collection, analysis and interpretation.’

Students are told:
‘You cannot pass this course unless you submit a project proposal to the ethics panel’.
This is also mentioned in the Senior Tutor Notes (2006)
‘students will fail the course if they don’t jointly submit the prpject proposal form.’

BPS

Every so often, I investigate which aspects of group work the students on the course I am studying need to experience in order to get BPS accreditation. Having spent some time looking this information up, I always lose it again – so here it is, stored safely.

The QAA Subject Benchmark Statement for Psychology lists ten generic skills. It can be found at
http://www.qaa.ac.uk/academicinfrastructure/benchmark/statements/Psychology07.pdf

Generic skills
5.5 On graduating with an honours degree in psychology, students should be able to:
● engage in effective teamwork
● be sensitive to contextual and interpersonal factors. The complexity of the factors that shape behaviour and social interaction will be familiar to psychology graduates and will make them more aware of the basis of problems and interpersonal conflict. They should also be more sensitive to the importance of enhancing cooperation to maximise the effectiveness of individual skills as shown in group work and team-building.

In September 2008, the BPS published ‘Quality Assurance Policies and Practice for First Qualifications in Psychology’.
http://www.bps.org.uk/downloadfile.cfm?file_uuid=DB57A883-1143-DFD0-7ECF-67BFDD0107AC&ext=pdf
This specifies that

‘The empirical practical component will normally involve the completion of a psychology project at Honours level. Exceptionally, other equivalent forms of empirical practical work in psychology may also be deemed appropriate, if delivered at Honours level (as defined by the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications, or equivalent frameworks). The project (or equivalent) must be  passed and cannot be condoned/compensated. […] it must be demonstrated that students complete independent practical work at H level which includes:
● where appropriate, collaborating effectively with colleagues, participants and outside agencies.’

‘All students must be advised that, in order to be eligible for the GBR, they are required to successfully complete the empirical psychology project, or the equivalent practical components of the programme.’

Quote to include

‘collaboration should be recognised as a state of social engagement that, on any given occasion, is more or less active and more or less effectively resourced. So, collaborators may vary in their concern to create shared understandings; and their circumstances of joint activity may vary in how readily they permit such achievements to be brought off. The challenge is to discover how discourse is mobilised in the service of creating joint reference; to see how what is created gets used as a platform for futher exploration; and to see how the material conditions of problem-solving can be more or less friendly towards efforts after this mutuality.’

Crook, C. (1994). Computers and the collaborative experience of learning. London: Routledge. Page 225.

Numbering pictures

I’ve been wasting a lot of time numbering and renumbering the figures in my chapter – so I finally spent some time looking up how to it automatically. Go to the Insert menu and select Caption is the answer. Caption doesn’t come up automatically on my Insert menu – but it is buried within the system.

Phew. Job done. Now, why didn’t I bother to look that up weeks ago?

Oh, and as a follow-up, the Insert menu also allows you to add cross references. What a useful facility 🙂

Talking the talk

My supervisors pointed out that, if I’m writing my thesis from a sociocultural perspective, I need to use the appropriate discourse.

I do start off doing this, and then I start to use synonyms to stop it getting bland and repetitive. But, of course, the synonyms aren’t exactly synonyms and, before I know it, I’ve wandered off towards a completely different metaphor for learning, in which ideas are things to be completed and transferred, rather than ongoing processes.

In order to help me pin my use of vocabulary down more successfully, they’ve set me to reading an article by Roger Säljö, specifically so that I can identify the appropriate sociocultural language. So the following are terms you can expect to see in my thesis 🙂

Appropriating concepts, appropriation, competence, conceptual constructions,  conceptual framework, conceptual resources, constituting a phenomenon, cultural resources,  discourses, discursive community, discursive nature of human knowledge, discursive patterns, discursive practices, dominant metaphor, enculturation, how individuals are positioned in relation to specific social practices, how individuals are able to identify the situationally appropriate referential meaning of a concept, how reality is constituted in social practices, linguistically mediated knowledge, linguistic tools, mediational means, mediated nature of human activity, paradigm, situatedness is fundamental, socialise, social practices, sociogenetic, transformation.

Pictures and pseudonyms

This is a reference post – to remind me how to do something fiddly if I have to do it again.

I have JPG pictures of some of the FirstClass postings which make up my data. As I’m making reference to colour, highlighting, typography and layout I have to keep them as pictures rather than copying the text across. But that involves changing all the names, the course names, the group names and identifying details – plus numbering all the lines so that my data analysis is clear.

I’ve put the line numbers in boxes with height 0p7 and width 0p8.68. The numbers are Times bold, 6pt on 7.2pt, with inset spacing 0p2 all around them. The step-and-repeat measurements change from posting to posting but generally the first gap is 1p2, other gaps in the heading are 1.0, the gap from header to greeting is 1p8, the gap between paragraphs is 1p2 and the text is 0p8. When editing FirstClass postings, remember that they’re mostly written in Arial.

Problems for students in asynchronous environments

These are probems related to being able to move ideas and discussion successfully forward through time. Students and tutors neeed to know

  • How to locate information/discussion from the past

  • How to retain relevant information not linked to assessment

  • How to prioritise information/discussion to be moved forward

  • How to return to a point new to them but dealt with by others in the past

  • How to mark which past postings they are responding to

  • How to mark and fix decisions

  • How to come in on a debate late

  • How to stop fragmentation into parallel lines of communication

  • How to preserve any synchronous chat

  • How to judge how hard others are working

  • How to distinguish quickly between different people’s comments

  • How to make decisions quickly

  • How to catch up quickly if absent

What is context?

Mercer, N., & Edwards, D. (1989). Common knowledge: the development of understanding in the classroom: Routledge.

Context is ‘everything that the participants in a conversation know and understand, over and above that which is explicit in what they say, that contributes to how they make sense of what is said’ (p63). Continuity is ‘the development of such contexts through time’.

The continuity of common knowledge does not develop unproblematically. Explicit back references are made when commonlaity is in doubt. People who are engaged in working out common understandings tend to resort to direct talk about mental processes and the conversation when there appear to be disagreement, mismatches or incongrutities in understanding.

Why is this interesting?

I came to my data from the point of view of communities. How do communities learn together? Why is it valuable to learn as a member of a community? However, on closer examination, I’m not studying a community. My data comes from task-based groups (thanks for that insight, Etienne). True, they have been structured to draw on benefits of community learning and they do, in some ways, act as communities. But they’re not communities. If I want to go and study an online learning community, I should be looking at Schome, which is a far better example.

Setting community aside; what have I got? Well, as my supervisor said the other day – you’ve got talk, and that’s what’s interesting. But what I find really interesting is that that is just what I have not got. I have got no talk. No talk whatsoever. The students and tutors think they’re talking, they refer to themselves as talking, but they are not talking. Even when I interview them, they are not talking.

They’re communicating via text, and what you can do via text is very different to what you can do via speech. Yes, you can challenge opinions and defend opinions and access a range of opinions as you can in speech. But you can do that at the same time as you refer back to earlier stages of the argument. You can build on other people’s points or challenge each one separately. You can ponder what they have said for a minute, or two minutes, or half an hour.

And this is what I see throughout my work. In my data, and in my blogging data, and in my epistolary data and in my Schome data. Written conversation offers a new, and powerful, way of thinking together. But nobody’s using it for that reason. Everyone’s using it because it’s convenient and space- and time-independentor, in the case of blogging, because they enjoy it. Yes, if challenged, they may say that it supports reasoning and critical dialogue. But they don’t use it for that reason, and they don’t explain that reasoning to students, and nobody formally trains anybody in how to use textual conversation to support knowledge creation.

So why my data is interesting is because it shows that textual conversation is a powerful way of thinking together. And if that;s what is interesting about my data then that is what my research questions should be about (you knew I was going to get back to my research questions at some point, didn’t you? 🙂  )