Yearly Archives: 2006

Caroline Haythornthwaite (2000) (10.1.06)

Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M. M., Robins, J. and Shoemaker, S. (2000)

Community development among distance learners: temporal and technological dimensions

JCMC, 6 (1)

Student quotes include this:

“I’ll have to tell you that it has been one of the most stressful times in my whole life… I started to have a lot of anxiety…. Just wondering if what I was posting sounded okay or if it sounded so bad… Finally I just had to take time off work.”

Another example of a very strong negative reaction to an online learning community.

http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue1/haythornthwaite.html

Caroline Haythornthwaite (1998) (10.1.06)

Haythornthwaite, C. (1998)

A social network study of the growth of community among distance learners

Information Research, 4, 1

* Communication frequency is associated with the maintenance of more relations and the use of more media.
* Patterns of media use are highly influenced by the media established by the instructor for class interaction
* Email is important for pairs who communicate more often.
* Actor positions in collaborative work, exchanging advice and socialising relations are similar, but this position does not correlate with their position in an emotional support network.
* Different actors are involved in the emotional support network than in other networks
* Group interaction patterns become less flexible over time.
* An individual’s perception of their own sense of belonging to the class is most strongly correlated with their centrality in exchanging advice networks.

http://informationr.net/ir/4-1/paper49.html

Social network theory (10.1.06)

This is an analytical approach I could consider using. It might be useful for Gill as well?

Social network theory holds that behaviour is affected more by the kinds of ties and networks in which people are involved than by the norms and attributes that individuals possess. It examines patterns of ties to see what patterns emerge from their interactions.

In social network terms, pairs maintain relations (such as working together or friendship) and ties (a bond between two people based on one or more relations). The more relations a pair maintains, and the more frequently or intensely they maintain them, the stronger or closer the tie.

Pair-level bonding contributes to the sense of belonging to a group that is necessary to sustain the group as an entity rather than as a set of individuals. Feelings of belonging and community lead to greater commitment of group efforts, greater co-operation and greater satisfaction with group efforts.

One measure of an individual’s place in a network is their centrality – how well they are positioned to receive and disseminate information to all other members of the network. A star has access to information circulating the entire network, can influence others and the flow of information. The other end of the scale is isolation. The isolate does not maintain connections and thus does not receive communications. They can be cut off from information or receive it late.

Centrality can be measured by counting the number of others with whom an actor maintains relations. Can also be measured by closeness – the distance from each person to each other person. Central actors are closer to all others than are other actors. This means they are more likely to hear information available on the network. A third measure is betweenness, the extent to which an actor is situated between others (so information must pass through them to get to others). These measures assume communication flow along the shortest path. You can gauge centrality in a more complex fashion by looking at all the routes information can take and weighting them.

Chidambaram and Bostrom (1997) reviewed the literature and suggested that a well-developed group is cohesive, manages conflict effectively, balances tasks and socio-emotional needs. A well developed group may be judged by its outcomes.

Groups do not emerge fully developed. They begin their association, develop, experience crises, attend to deadlines, execute their tasks and conclude their association. They get to know each other and their technologies over time, learning how to interact with each other and how to use technologies in an appropriate manner. They develop, defining and redefining their network structures.

Learning theory (6.1.06)

I’m having trouble with learning theory. It looks good on paper, and then I think about what it means in practice and it often seems to unravel very quickly.

For example: learning is ‘a community process of transformation of participation in sociocultural activities’ (Rogoff , Matusov and White 1996). Sounds good, doesn’t it? Learning as participation, learning as community, learning as verb.

So, if I go out into a field and observe ants for six hours, that’s not learning (CF My family and other animals), but if I go into a pub and am initially quiet but then hit the man next to me, that is learning?

What I find particularly strange about this is that I was watching My family and other animals with the kids at Christmas and discussing why Gerry’s mother can’t recognise how much he is learning on Corfu. She sees him learning Greek and biology and taxidermy and feels he’s running wild and must be put in a classroom with a tutor and a book of problems in mathematics in order to gain an education. Her definition of learning ruled out sitting for hours on your own in a field, and I think Rogoff and White’s does too (though for different reasons).

H807 Satvan (12.12.05)

One last comment on a case study – Gill, have a look at the Gloucestershire satvan. It looks whizzy, exciting and high-tech, and it lets you do your learning down the pub!

Right – that’s enough about case studies. Gill, let me know if you want me to blog anything more quotable on any of them.

H807 Case study: Learning without boundaries (12.12.05)

We have to study this case study, so I thought I’d better put in some notes on it.

It’s a very first-world view of learning without boundaries as it requires a huge amount of technology, infrastructure and technical support.

I think it’s the only one of the case studies to pick up on the use of MP3 players and podcasts.

It does seem to get very over-excited about new technology. It appears that the university of the future will have dumped every previous technology. We’ll never read a book, write a word or see a printed piece of paper again. Everything we do will be in our e-portfolio and available to the university authorities. We’ll spend our day from the time we get up to the time we’re asleep linked in with university technology.

I think that this case study, like many of them, glosses over the problems of PDAs. Particularly how difficult it is to input substantial amounts of text, the need for frequent upgrades, the implications if you lose a gadget which contains all your information, the problems if everyone has a different model…

H807 Case Study: Birmingham and Personalised Learning

The video clip begins with a scary amount of technology – looks like one of the editing suites at television centre. However, it homes in on, I suppose, software – on a way of accessing and sharing files that students can use on a tablet PC, the Interactive Logbook. They can do this at college or at home and, when they are at college, the tablet PC works out where they are and prompts them to find the right files.

I don’t think this innovation comes over very well in the video presentation – and we don’t see any students enthusing about it. It doesn’t look a particularly exciting online environment – functional, but uninspiring.

This clip mentions, as do many of them, the importance of a wireless network. Many of these innovations in e-learning rely on a wireless network being available throughout the learning environment.

H807 Case Study: Personal Response Systems (12.12.05)

I haven’t seen this technology before. They’re mini-electronic voting gadgets. The lecturer asks a question – people vote on the answer, see the voting results on the interactive whiteboard and then get together in groups to argue their position. Then they can vote again.

I’m dubious about the expense here. I’ve seen exactly the same thing done in primary classrooms, only each pupil has a wipe-clean whiteboard on which they write their answer and hold it up for the teacher to see. Presumably, if they’d thought along these lines, the Victorians could have done it with slates.

The key element here is enthusiasm. The students are motivated, they pay attention, they enjoy the class and the lecturers enjoy the class. The technology adds a feel-good factor. One professor says it radically changes the whole dynamics of what happens in a typical large class.

H807 Case study: PDAs at Dewsbury College (12.12.05)

This is one of the video case studies. It’s easy to watch with broadband, and a pain without, so I’m doing it at the OU. The transcripts are very useful to download, partly because they include quotes and small images that could be used in a flier.

I can’t see that a flier is going to be very useful to people who want to introduce a university-wide policy – it’s going to be more useful to people who want to see how these projects could work on the ground, so I think the projects with PDAs, pen drives, and that voting device they’re using up at Strathclyde will be the most useful.

Hmm: better put in some sentences that Gill could quote if she wanted.

The video shows clearly how PDAs are used in college, in workplaces, in outreach centres and during field work. Students use the PDAs in groups, individually and with their tutors. Students can access a huge range of learning materials, including video clips and websites. As at Southampton, hand-held technology is used to support and encourage students who are learning English.

Defining innovation (8.12.06)

This is what I distilled from the OED:
Innovation is the alteration of what is established by the introduction of new elements or forms; something newly introduced; a novel practice, method, etc.

I’d add that it’s a word with a positive flavour and that, to be classed as an innovation, something must endure or have a noticeable effect.

I’d say that it differs from creation because creation is to make something new, whereas innovation is to employ something in a new way, or to introduce something already created.

It’s got a techie flavour, not an arty flavour.

Who was that discourse guy who talked about the flavour of words? Was it Volosinov?