(Based on  B. Lin, C. Hsieh / Computers & Education 37 (2001) 377–386 )

Objectivist learning model
Learning is a change in the behavioral disposition of an organism that can be shaped by selective reinforcement. The goal of learning is to understand objective reality and modify behaviour accordingly. The goal of teaching is to transmit knowledge from the expert to the learner.

Constructivist learning model
Knowledge is created, or constructed, by each learner. The mind is not a tool for reproducing an external reality, but rather it produces its own, unique conception of events.
Individuals learn better when they are forced to discover things themselves rather than when they are instructed. Learning occurs when an individual interacts with objects.
Cooperative learning model
Learning emerges through interaction of individuals with other individuals. Learning occurs as individuals exercise, verify, solidify, and improve their mental models through discussion and information sharing. Knowledge is created as it is shared, learners have prior knowledge they can contribute to the discussion, participation is critical to learning.

Cognitive information processing model
Learning involves processing instructional input to develop, test, and refine mental models in long-term memory until they are effective and reliable enough in problem-solving situations (Schuell, 1986). Learners differ in terms of their preferred learning style and instructional methods that match an individual’s learning style will be the most effective (Bovy, 1981). Prior knowledge is represented by a mental model which is an important determinant
of how effectively the learner will process new information.

Sociocultural learning model
There is no one external reality. Students should participate on their own terms. Instruction should not deliver a single interpretation of reality nor a culturally biased interpretation of reality.
Computational model
Beliefs, desires, and other intentions are stored in minds as information. Not only knowledge, but also beliefs and skills are bits of information that become meaningful when they are organized into symbols, patterns, and relationships.