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Stuart Woolf, Professor of History at the University of Essex analyses the use that Hitler and Mussolini made of public ceremony, - as a means of social control, a focus of loyalty, a vindication o...f new regimes and links with the past, and as the expression of a new morality. Contemporary newsreels from the archives of the Imperial War Museum, Pathe and Movietone are analysed and a comparison made between the aims and activities of the fascist regime in Italy and Hitler's Nazi government.
Stuart Woolf, Professor of History at the University of Essex analyses the use that Hitler and Mussolini made of public ceremony, - as a means of social control, a focus of loyalty, a vindication o...f new regimes and links with the past, and as the expression of a new morality. Contemporary newsreels from the archives of the Imperial War Museum, Pathe and Movietone are analysed and a comparison made between the aims and activities of the fascist regime in Italy and Hitler's Nazi government.
| Module code and title: | A309, Conflict and stability in the development of modern Europe c.1789-1970 |
|---|---|
| Item code: | A309; 05 |
| First transmission date: | 15-07-1980 |
| Published: | 1980 |
| Rights Statement: | |
| Restrictions on use: | |
| Duration: | 00:24:00 |
| + Show more... | |
| Producer: | Patricia Hodgson |
| Publisher: | BBC Open University |
| Subject terms: | Fascism; National socialism; National socialism; Nuremberg Trial of Major German War Criminals--Nuremberg--Germany--1945-1946; Hitler, Adolf, 1889-1945; Mussolini, Benito, 1883-1945 |
| Footage description: | The programme opens with archive film of Hitler addressing a great rally and of a joint inspection of troops by Hitler and Mussolini. In voice over Stuart Woolf, Professor of History, at the University of Essex, quotes Hitler's view of the role of ceremony in the Facist state. Stills show Mussolini's march on Rome in 1922. Film of cheering crowds over which the aims of the programme are stated. Stills of military and boy scout parades over which Woolf identifies the antecedents of the facist rally. Stills of post-First World War meetings and demonstrations. Film of a communist demostration in Germany. Woolf explains why such events became commonplace. Film of early Nazi meetings and of violent scenes during the Munich putsch of 1923. Woolf explains how violence united the facist movements in both Italy and Germany. Film of Italian facist ceremonies over which the relationship of fascist leaders to the masses is considered, extract from a Movietone newsreel showing Hitler honouring German war dead. Film of early Nazi parades which are then contrasted with later ceremonies. Film showing the celebration of Hitler's 50th birthday. Over stills and film depicting the adulation of Hitler and Mussolini Woolf compares their styles of leadership and their approach to parades. Film of Italian fascist march pasts. Close-ups of participants in a parade, then of a Nazi wreath laying ceremony. Woolf considers the religious nature of such events. Film of fascist youth activities, whose purpose is explained. Film of Mussolini re-enacting the ceremonies of ancient Rome, then of a Nazi parade in the medieval streets of Nuremburg. In voice over Woolf considers how fascism appropriated all aspects of national tradition for its own ends. Film of Hitler at a May Day parade and of Mussolini meeting the Pope. Film of Italian and German sports events attended by Mussolini and Hitler. Woolf explains fascism's concern with sporting events. Extract from a Movie newsreel on the opening of the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Film of Hitler at a Munich Art Gallery, then a Nazi poster appealing to small businessmen. A short extract of an Italian film encouraging marriage and motherhood is shown. Film of Mussolini meeting peasants; German peasants at a Nazi rally; Hitler visiting a factory. Woolf's commentary explains the purpose of these fascist appeals to specific sections of society. Film of an organised holiday for Italian workers. Film of bizarre fascist ceremonies over which Woolf comments on their invitation to ridicule. He describes the way in which fascist leaders incited hatred of their enemies over film of Hitler and Mussolini making speeches. An extract from a Movietone newsreel shows Mussolini collecting money for the Italian war effort. Film of Nazis burning books and harassing Jews. Film of a huge Nuremburg rally. Woolf explains the role of fascist ceremonies in brutalising fascist supporters. Stills of concentration camp victims. |
| Master spool number: | HOU3192 |
| Production number: | FOUA012L |
| Videofinder number: | 3049 |
| Available to public: | no |
